American History The Year 1962 Essay - 1356 Words

Research paper America is the greatest country of all time. It has had many important years and each and every one of those years have been eventful. But there lies a question†¦ What is the most important year for America in the Twentieth century? The answer to that question would happen to be the year, 1962. There are many reasons why 1962 is one of the most important years for America in the twentieth century. The first reason why 1962 is one of the most important is because of the Baker vs. Carr Supreme court case. In the case, Charles Baker (plaintiff) was a resident of Shelby County, Tennessee. He filed a lawsuit against Joe Carr, a Secretary of State for Tennessee. Baker said that the Tennessee legislature had not†¦show more content†¦The large majority can in many ways be attributed to Justice Brennan who persuaded Potter Stewart that the case was a narrow ruling dealing only with plaintiff power to challenge the statute. Having declared redistricting issues just iciable, the court laid out a new test for evaluating claims such as these. A famous standard under American jurisprudence for legislative redistricting was made by the court, â€Å"one person, one vote.† The court decided that in states with two legislative chambers, both houses had to be apportioned on this standard. â€Å"One person, one vote† was first applied as a standard for congressional districts. So what did the Baker vs Carr case do to/for America? Well, due to the Baker vs Carr case, and many other cases, it fundamentally altered the nature of political representation in America. This doesn’t only apply to Tennessee, but to nearly every state to redistrict during the 1960’s. Due to the reapportionment, the political powers of urban areas increased and reduced the influence of more rural areas. The next reason why the year 1962 was one of the most important years of the twentieth century for America was because of a man named James Meredith. Ja mes Meredith was born in Mississippi in 1933. He was raised with nine siblings on a farm. After high school and attending an all black college, Meredith joined the military. When he got back from the military, he became the first black student at the UniversityShow MoreRelatedThe History of Naming U.S Navy Ships1431 Words   |  6 PagesLawrence DDG-4 and the USS Charles F. Adams DDG-2 named? The history of naming Navy ships has always been a mystery. You have the history of the men who become namesakes of these ships. Then there is years of history of the ships themselves during the time that they were in commission. These topics tie in together to understand the USS Lawrence and the USS Charles F. Adams. U.S. Navy ships have been named by many important people in U.S. history. March 3, 1819 Congress formally placed responsibilityRead MoreThe Significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of the Cuban Missile Crisis one must understand, the Cold war drama; the dangerous crisis; and its importance today. In order to understand the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis in American history one must first understand the Cold War drama, Castro’s rise to power, and the American operations that set up the crisis. â€Å"The term Cold War refers to the post-World war II global geostrategic, economic, and ideological competition between the East, led by the Soviet Union, and the westRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Speech1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States inspiring the American nation to change, prosper and grow. He reassured the citizens of their nation’s strength and gave the people a sense of security. As the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy was known for many accomplishments such as the establishment of the Peace Corps, the commitment to land a man on the moon and the removal of missiles from Cuba. Despite his untimely death, he positively impacted the growth of the American nation socially, scientificallyRead MoreLooking At American History : Wh at Was The Key Factor Of The Problem For The Past 1900 Years?848 Words   |  4 PagesLooking at American history, anyone can see that many problems started to show up in the middle 1900’s that were never a problem for the past 1900 years. One wonders why what was a sin since the creation of the world doesn’t seem to be a ‘biggy’ anymore. If one were to look in to the history of Christianity in America they will notice a great change that affected everything afterwards. The key factor of many of the problems in America is the cause of taking God out of schools. Up until 1962, the typicalRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy : Reasons For The Civil Rights Movement883 Words   |  4 PagesMinh Pham Mr. Robins Pre- AP U.S. History 20 October 2015 Kennedy: Reasons to Remember the Name John Fitzgerald Kennedy, born in 1917, was the youngest ever to be elected president in the United States history, also the youngest to leave office when he was assassinated 3 years after his election. Regardless of his short time in office, he left an astonishing impact on every single individual and on the country as a whole. As a president, John F. Kennedy was successful in managing the economy asRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : A Detrimental Event1300 Words   |  6 Pagescivilization.† (Kennedy, 1963). The Cuban missile crisis was a detrimental event in the course of history. On October 22nd, 1962, John F. Kennedy gave his Cuban missile crisis oval office address. Kennedy gave this speech to inform Americans about the nuclear missile sites that the Soviet Union established in the island of Cuba. (Kennedy, President Kennedy s Cuban Missile Crisis Oval Office Address, 1962) I chose this speech because did I not only find it very interesting, but it described very wellRe ad MoreBiography of Eleanor Roosevelt Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagesof the wise words from Eleanor Roosevelt. Eleanor lived a rough live, but she believed that things could become better at any moment. She was a kind, helpful, good woman that had a good life through it all. Eleanor Roosevelt was a hero to American History. Inspiring people to follow their dreams, work to be the best of their ability, and also to start a new day with no regrets or worries. She helped many people around her within her lifetime and definitively set a good example for others. EleanorRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee999 Words   |  4 Pages1960 and republished as a film by Robert Mulligan in 1962. This movie is based on a white attorney, Atticus Finch, defending an African American man, Tom Robinson, which was accused of raping a white woman. This trial illustrates how server racisms was in the early 1960’s. A Time to Kill is the prefect demonstration to show how racism still exists 30 years later. In 1966, Joel Schumacher directed A Time to Kill (1996). This movie is about a 10 year old black girl, Tonya Hailey, that was brutally rapedRead MoreRussia and the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesundertook reforms that would harm American-owned property in the country. The increasingly hostile relationship with the United States provided an opening for the Soviet Union. Castro formed trade ties with Moscow and as Cuba grew closer to the Soviet Union, the relations with Washington deteriorated further. Cuba At the beginning of 1961, the United States revoked its diplomatic recognition of Cuba. The Cuban government felt exploited over the past years by the Americans. This became an opportunity forRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1675 Words   |  7 Pages Why would that be so important? National pride for the American people. Russia had managed to get an upper hand in the space race by successfully launching Sputnik 1 and also keeping a strong hold on the title of being first in many other space aeronautics, for example, when the Luna 2 was also successfully launched. The Luna 2 became the first man made object to reach the moon on September 13th,1959. That event thus triggered the American people to perceive that the Russians were winning the space

Optical Phenomena Rainbow

Optical Phenomena: Rainbow By far and large, the rainbow is one of nature’s most spectacular masterpieces and an excellent demonstration that sunlight is composed of a band of wavelengths each with a distinct color (Henderson, 2016). The rainbow appears as a bow or an arc-shaped spectrum of prismatic colors in the sky opposite the sun from the observer’s perspective, particularly after the rain. It is caused by both the refraction and reflection of the sun’s rays by rain droplets suspended in the atmosphere (Williams, 2013, p. 11-13). This aspect explains why rainbows are only visible when the sun is hanging low in the sky, usually late in the afternoon – in which case it will be to the east of the observer – or seen early in the morning – in which case it will be seen to the west of the observer. To view the rainbow, one need to face away from the sun and look above the ground into the region of the atmosphere covered with suspended water droplets after rain or with a light blanket of mist. In this part of the atmosphere, each suspended individual droplet of water acts as a tiny prism that not only refracts the light from the sun but also reflects it back to the eye of the observer. Therefore, as one sight into the sky, rays of light each concomitant with a particular color is perceived from the collection of the water droplets. This optical reflection results in a colorful circular arc of ROYGBIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) across the sky (Henderson, 2016) (Image 1). Sometimes due to double reflections and refractions of light, a secondary rainbow, which is distinctly larger and paler than the primary rainbow with the colors reversed (VIBGYOR) appear within the original arc. It has so far been established that a rainbow is neither a ‘thing’ nor an ‘object’ and does not exist in any particular locale but is rather an ‘optical phenomenon’ that appears in the sky when sunlight and atmospheric conditions happen to be in the perspective of the observer. Thus, the prime condition for the spectacle to take place requires water droplets and sunlight. Because the suspended water droplets have different optical density than the surrounding atmosphere, it acts as a refractor of light. As the rays cross the air-water droplet interface, it decreases in speed upon entry into the water droplet, reflects, and then refracts (bends away) as it drives through and exits the drop (Henderson, 2016). During this process, the different colors of the white light bend and change to travel at speeds proportional to their characteristic wavelength – with red moving fastest and violet slowest. In other words, the visible light scatters into its constituent seven colors, bounces (reflects) out of the droplet and the rainbow is created. Because sunlight is made up of several wavelengths (or colors) of light, these wavelengths bend at different rates – with some bending more than the others when the lights enter a medium of different density from another. In the ROYGBIV spectrum, red – the longest wavelength – bends the least while violet – the shortest wavelength of the visible light – bends the most. Therefore, when the sunlight upon entering the water droplets exits, it is separated into its constituent wavelengths (colors) of the rainbow with Violet on the bottom and Red on top of the arc. Even though the rainbow appears on the ground as an arc, in the right conditions, and at greater heights, it is a complete circle (Henderson, 2016).

Ronald Reagan 40th President of the United States

Republican Ronald Reagan became the oldest president elected when he took office as the 40th president of the United States. The actor-turned-politician served two consecutive terms as president, from 1981-1989. Life:Â  February 6, 1911-June 5, 2004 Also Known As: Ronald Wilson Reagan, the Gipper, the Great Communicator Growing up During the Great Depression Ronald Reagan grew up in Illinois. He was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico to Nelle and John Reagan. When he was 9, his family moved to Dixon. After graduating from Eureka College in 1932, Reagan worked as a radio sports announcer for WOC radio in Davenport. Reagan the Actor While visiting California in 1937 to cover a sports event, Reagan was asked to play a radio announcer in the film Love Is on the Air, which jumpstarted his film career. For a number of years, Reagan worked on as many as four to seven movies a year. By the time he acted in his last film, The Killers in 1964, Reagan had appeared in 53 films and had become a very famous movie star. Marriage and World War II Though Reagan stayed busy during those years with acting, he still had a personal life. On January 26, 1940, Reagan married actress Jane Wyman. They had two children: Maureen (1941) and Michael (1945, adopted). In December 1941, right after the U.S. entered into World War II, Reagan was drafted into the Army. His near-sightedness kept him from the front lines, so he spent three years working for the Motion Picture Army Unit making training and propaganda films. By 1948, Reagans marriage to Wyman was having major problems. Some believe it was because Reagan was becoming very active in politics. Others thought perhaps he was too busy with his work as president of the Screen Actors Guild, to which he was elected in 1947. Or it could have been the trauma the couple suffered in June 1947 when Wyman gave birth four months prematurely to a baby girl who did not live. Though no one knows the exact reason the marriage went sour, Reagan and Wyman divorced in June 1948. Nearly four years later, on March 4, 1952, Reagan married the woman he would spend the rest of his life with: actress Nancy Davis. Their love for one another was obvious. Even during Reagans years as president, he would frequently write her love notes. In October 1952, their daughter Patricia was born and in May 1958, Nancy gave birth to their son Ronald. Reagan Becomes a Republican By 1954, Reagans film career had slowed down and he was hired by General Electric to host a television program and to make celebrity appearances at GE plants. He spent eight years doing this job, making speeches and learning about people around the country. After actively supporting Richard Nixons campaign for president in 1960, Reagan switched political parties and officially became a Republican in 1962. Four years later, Reagan successfully ran for governor of California and served two consecutive terms. Though already governor of one of the largest states in the union, Reagan continued to look at the bigger picture. At both the 1968 and 1974 Republican National Conventions, Reagan was considered a potential presidential candidate. For the 1980 election, Reagan won the Republican nomination and successfully ran against incumbent President Jimmy Carter for president. Reagan also won the 1984 presidential election against Democrat Walter Mondale. Reagans First Term as President Only two months after taking office as president of the United States, Reagan was shot on March 30, 1981, by John W. Hinckley, Jr. outside the Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C. Hinckley was copying a scene from the movie Taxi Driver, strangely believing that this was going to win him actress Jodie Fosters love. The bullet barely missed Reagans heart. Reagan is well-remembered for his good humor both before and after the surgery to remove the bullet. Reagan spent his years as president attempting to cut taxes, lessen peoples reliance on government, and increase national defense. He did all these things. Plus, Reagan met several times with Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev and made the first major move forward in the Cold War when the two agreed to jointly eliminate some of their nuclear weapons. Reagans Second Term as President In Reagans second term in office, the Iran-Contra Affair brought scandal to the presidency when it was discovered that the government had traded weapons for hostages. While Reagan initially denied knowing about it, he later announced that it was a mistake. It is possible that memory losses from Alzheimers had already begun. Retirement and Alzheimers After serving two terms as president, Reagan retired. However, he was soon officially diagnosed with Alzheimers and instead of keeping his diagnosis secret, he decided to tell the American people in an open letter to the public on November 5, 1994. Over the next decade, Reagans health continued to deteriorate, as did his memory. On June 5, 2004, Reagan passed away at the age of 93.

Prohibition Of The National Minimum Drinking Age Act

Prohibition was a time in American history where any type of alcohol consumption, production, and distribution was banned. The thirteen year, dry period finally came to an end because of the temptation and social urges alcohol pursues. Throughout these thirteen years, people corruptly consumed, produced, and distributed alcohol as if the regulations instituted by the government were suggestions. After the Prohibition laws were lifted in 1993, the drinking age was set at twenty one but was later lowered to eighteen because of the passage of the 26th amendment which lowered the voting age to eighteen. In order to combat drunk driving, The National Minimum Drinking Age Act was passed and stated that states must raise their drinking age to†¦show more content†¦John McCardell’s view on the topic questions Why don t we trust these young adults to make the same kind of responsible decisions about alcohol that we believe them capable of making in the voting booth, in the jur y box, on the battlefield? Young kids would stop drinking underage because there would no longer be the rush of rebellion they felt before. To fix the problems with drunken driving that America has experienced before, applications such as â€Å"Uber† and â€Å"Lyft† have been developed to taxi around people for cheap prices and avoid them getting behind the wheel under the influence. These easily accessible applications have lowered the drinking and driving by about 6% in most cities. Lowering the drinking age would lower the rate of underage drinking. Like during Prohibition, 80% of college students under the age of 21 use the drinking age law as more of a suggestion than a regulation. Because of the high drinking age, fake identification has become popular in the young demographic and has allowed underage kids to drink 11% of the total alcohol consumed in the United States. The high drinking age is encouraging young adults to drink in extreme quantities. By binge dr inking, playing drinking games, and â€Å"pre-gaming† (drinking large amounts of alcohol before going in public to avoid drinking in public and being stopped by lawShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal drinking age in the United States was ruled to be 21 in 1984, setting the country apart from almost all other western nations. These past 30 years have contained as much problems regarding the consumption of alcohol as one of the country’s biggest failures ever, the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition. Also, the legal drinking age in the United States can be considered violation of states liberties, as the national government, albeit with good intentions, has intervened and onlyRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 PagesLegality and Liquor: A Balancing Act Laws surrounding alcohol use and consumption in the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one.Read MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of the word adult is: â€Å"a person who has attained the age of maturity as specified by law†(Dictionary.com). If this is so, then why is it that in the United States 18 year olds are legally considered adults in our society, but they can’t legally buy or consume alcohol? Yet at this age they are able to vote in an election, get married, serve on a jury, live on their own, purchase cigarettes, adopt a child, and defend our co untry. These are not easy tasks for one to take on, yet our governmentRead MoreNational Minimum Drinking Age Act Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesIn 1984 the United States Government approved the National Minimum Drinking Age Act that required that â€Å"the States prohibit persons under 21 years of age from purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages as a condition of receiving State highway funds.† Even though this bill was nowhere near the magnitude of the prohibition act that was passed less than a century before it, the act still damaged the relationship between individuals, firms, and the United States government. Although theRead MoreThe Repeal Of The National Minimum Drinking Age927 Words   |  4 PagesThe repeal of prohibition by the twenty-first Amendment in December of 1933 allowed for each state to set its own alcohol consumption age. After the passage of the twenty-sixth Amendment, which lowered the national drinking age to eighteen, thirty states had lowered the minimum drinking age to eighteen, nineteen, or twenty (â€Å"Prohibition†). In 1984, the enactment of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act prompted states to raise the legal age for purchase of public possession of alcohol to twenty-oneRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age ( Tietjen )1700 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age On July 17 of 1984 President Ronald Reagan signed to make the National Minimum Drinking Age Act a law. This law required all states to have a minimum drinking age of 21, if a state did not comply with this law they could face up to a 10% cut in funding for their federal highways (Tietjen). Since this act became a law there has been two distinct sides arguing whether they agree with the minimum drinking age, or whether they disagree. One side believes having a minimum drinkingRead MoreAlcohol Consumption And Underage Drinking1561 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol consumption and underage drinking has been a major social problem and public health concern for centuries. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), â€Å"Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among youth in the United States, more than tobacco and illicit drugs, and is responsible for more than 4,300 annual deaths among underage youth (Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking). Alcohol has always been part of our c ulture as well as a debatable topic in our society and the controversyRead MoreEssay on Federal Highway Policy714 Words   |  3 PagesHighway Policy: Minimum Legal Drinking Age Ashley Miller American National Government Mark Ladd February 17, 2014 The Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) laws were created in the US after the Prohibition in 1933. AT this time, many states set the MLDA at 21. When the voting age was lowered to 18 in 1971, many states also lowered their drinking age to 18 or 19 (Fell, 2009). After the lowering, the amount of alcohol related accidents involving young adults age 18 to 20 had dramaticallyRead MoreProhibition During The Era Of 1920-1933 Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesProhibition Essay: By: Savannah Crawford During the era of 1920-1933 could best be characterized as the path to a sober nation. This time of history consisted of the eighteenth amendment which was passed on October 28th 1919; Volstead Act. The Volstead act was created to carry out the movement of prohibition. In addition, Prohibition is the legal prohibiting of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks for common consumption according to dictionary.com. Furthermore, this amendment concurs thatRead MoreKeeping The Minimum Drinking Age864 Words   |  4 Pages Keeping the Minimum Drinking Age In 1984, the United States’ federal government passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Under this act, the federal government gives highway funds to States that forbid people under the age of twenty-one years old from â€Å"purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages†(23 U.S.C.  § 158). The incentive created a sense of a standardized minimum drinking age when legally there cannot be a federal minimum drinking age. Even though this Act has been in effect

Gender Roles Of A Christian And Multicultural Family

Growing up in a Christian and multicultural family, the role of gender has always played a vital role in my life. Growing up, my father was the breadwinner in the family, although my mother had a higher income than him. My mother has always told me to stay true to the Bible, although there might be confusion due to society. As a sociology major, I have come to develop a better understanding of how gender as affected society and myself. As a Christian, gender differences are classified as the province of God and one is taught that, â€Å"God had created man and women for different purposes† (Kimmel 2013, 22). Instead, I have learned that both men and women are capable of the same duties and one should not be judged based on their sex. Sex is biological and should be used to determine what one is capable of doing. For instance, Kimmel argues that many writers argued that women’s efforts to enter the public sphere–to seek employment, to vote, to enter collegesâ€⠀œwere misguided because the placed women’s social and political aspirations over the purposes for which their bodies had been designed† (Kimmel 2013, 23). As a result, the sexist beliefs held in regards to women are both socially and culturally constructed. These beliefs are also lead to be seen as natural differences, which are the main â€Å"sources of the social and political arrangements we observe today† (Kimmel 2013, 25). For example, I have been led to believe that it is impossible for a woman to become the President of theShow MoreRelatedReligion Is A Major Source Of Gender And Sexual Inequality1614 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is a major source of gender and sexual inequality. Religion is important in society as it contributes significantly to social solidarity. 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Birthdays, Holidays, or any occasion, family always get to together everyone has to attend. She is from a huge family, she follows every Filipino tradition. Monthisa JamaraRead MoreAnalysis Of Emma Lazarus s The Melting Pot 849 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics that come together to create one’s ideology. Much of a person’s political identity begins with the beliefs and ideas absorbed in the home from parents and relatives, in school, and so forth, but regional differences, race, ethnicity, gender, family structure, religion and level of income are also contributing factors in how one’s political identity and ideology takes shape. (Magleby, et al., 2008., p. 115) Though there are overreaching national political traditions such as our two partyRead MoreHorrific Treatment Women In The Middle East. Spring 2017.1718 Words   |  7 Pagescomes in different ways, and different causes. However, they all lead to dehumanization of the individual. These discrimination problems are usually problems that date way back in time. For example, the labeling of women as the weaker sex, or the gender that must make all the emotional decisions in the house is dehumanizing for them. Segregating women is a social problem, and this problem is more aggressive in some parts of the world. As of matter of fact, women in the entire world have been theRead MoreSelf Awareness Paper1610 Words   |  7 Pages I have always had the luxury of being white and middle to upper middle class. I grew up in a small suburbia of Lansing, Michigan, known as DeWitt. In all honesty, growing up in a small, wealthy suburban town full to the brim with white Christians never tickled my fancy. Despite being one of them in body and religion, I never truly fit into their mold – overly cliquey, unnecessarily judgmental, and extremely comfortable with remaining inside of their fancy, non-diverse bubbles. Not steppingRead MoreThe First Name Of The Child1574 Words   |  7 Pagescapital city as known as Havana, and her mother was born in the mid-80s in Santiago de Cuba, the second largest city. Yvelisse was conceived in Havana where her parents met. Her family lived there for two years before moving to Florida in the United States after another two years when Yvelisse turned 4 years old, her family moved to Maryland. The Cuban culture is extremely rich and has such knowledge, depth, and perception. From doing a bit of online research, I have found that there are 10 majorRead MoreTonga Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesTonga Tonga as a country has always been very religious and very deep into their culture. In Tonga family is everything, along with religion. Tongan religion is mostly Methodist, Christian or Morman. The king and the majority of the royal family are members of the Free Wesleyan Church (Methodist) which claims some 40,000 adherents in the country. Church is a big commitment as it is a way to show respect to their country and how it was founded. The Tongans have devoted their whole day on SundaysRead MoreEthics in Multicultural Counseling3154 Words   |  13 PagesEthical Issues in Multicultural Counseling Abstract In the past, counselors have lacked the knowledge and skills to interpret ethical guidelines in multicultural counseling. The ethical guidelines dictate how a counselor should have the necessary tools when conducting a counseling session. There is a shortfall of training and education when dealing with race, ethnicity, and cultural backgrounds in today’s society. Ethics is a hot topic for counselors, partially because there are so many different

Contention that the proposed curfew to ban probat Essay Example For Students

Contention: that the proposed curfew to ban probat Essay ionary drivers fromdriving between 11pm-5 am must be implementedForm: letter to the editorTo the editor,In June 2000, my brother was involved in a tragic car accident. Whiledriving home from speech night, he was hit by a careless motorist, his carcrashing into a nearby tree. My brother escaped alive, though to be foreverconfined to a wheelchair. The passengers of the hoon car however, were notso lucky. Their alcohol induced euphoria and their ignorant actionsresulted in their wasteful deaths. The detrimental harm caused byirresponsible young drivers must be stopped. The proposed curfew to banfirst year probationary drivers from driving between 11pm and 5 am must beimplemented to decrease the deaths of young Victorian drivers. Young drivers are more susceptible to driving accidents at night. Statistics presented by the TAC show that 24% of drivers killed in 2003were between the ages of 18-25, an age group that represents merely 14% ofVictorian licence holders. 79% of these accidents were single vehicleaccidents, while 56% of these deaths occurred at night, from 8pm-6am, hourswhere the number of vehicles on roads is minimal. It is clearly evidentfrom these abhorrent figures that it is inherently hazardous for youngdrivers to be driving during late hours, as seen in muck up day where thepresence of alcohol and a foolish decision have resulted in the tragicdeath of a young man. Isnt this what we should be stopping?One must also recognise that the majority of these accidents are not meremisfortunes, but the imminent outcomes of reckless risk-taking behaviours. While realising certain risks of their actions, over-confidence anddrunkenness often compels young drivers to neglect this sense of danger. This leads to aggressive driving behaviours and displays of terrifyingspeeding in high performance vehicles. Senior Sergeant Burbige correctlystates: Young drivers, particularly young male drivers, seem to think thatthey are invincible in these kinds of cars, This is all too clear in thefilm, where the idea of speed and making sharp turns dominate the minds ofRyan and his friends. News of young drivers suffering fatal crashes intheir powerful weapons at night are heard of all too often. Can we allowthese deplorable tragedies to continue? I should think not. Furthermore, a recent study by the Australian Drug Foundation has exposedalarming levels of binge drinking among teenagers, which can be related todriving accidents. These shocking findings are mirrored in drink driving inyoung drivers. From 2000-2001, 2247 P-plate drivers were caught with ablood alcohol reading. The abominable drug, alcohol, has detrimentaleffects on the mental state of a person, impairing vision and rationalthinking. Being intoxicated with such a substance surely impairsadolescents ability to judge the risks and consequences of their actions. As stated by Ryans friend, after drinking alcohol, while knowing the risksinvolved, he would still drive. We must enforce a curfew to inject harshconsequences into the minds of the drivers, compelling them to take seriousthought in their self-destructive behaviours. Some may argue that the curfew, like the drink driving campaigns, will notresolve the problem. Lets use common sense. The curfew can reduce thesuffering and the amount of deaths occurring on our roads. This willundoubtedly save the lives of countless young Victorians. Opposition to thecurfew demonstrates an obvious lack of concern for the personal safety ofyoung drivers. The harsh consequences which may lead from breaking of thecurfew will insert a fear into the minds of adolescents, the fear thatwhile they may escape an accident with their skilful driving abilities ,they may be caught with a $2000 dollar fine, or even jail. Faced with suchconsequences, would not young drivers put more serious thought into theiractions?The current appalling statistics of probationary driver death on Victorianroads is outrageous. It is destroying potential young Victorians, whileinflicting lamentable harm upon their families and communities. Theproposed curfew to prohibit probational drivers from driv ing at night,along with its severe consequences, must be implemented to put an end tothese atrocities. .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 , .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .postImageUrl , .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 , .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049:hover , .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049:visited , .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049:active { border:0!important; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049:active , .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049 .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a8c71a3a7337c7d475bc60a2c892049:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Grapes of wrath 2 EssayYours faithfullyRoger TaoConcerned Probationary Driver

Competing Ideologies Dual Federalism v Cooperative Essay Example For Students

Competing Ideologies Dual Federalism v Cooperative Essay Federalism The Constitution of the United States was drafted at a time when our country was in dire need of many answers to political and social questions. In addition to many other things, the drafters of the Constitution were concerned with solidifying our central government and the Constitution was intended to provide a solid structure from which our burgeoning nation could grow. The Constitution gave explicit powers to the federal government and provided the states with the Tenth Amendment which states ,Powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states respectively Of the enumerated powers given to the federal government by the Constitution, the interpretation of the Commerce Clause as prescribed in Article I, section 8, has caused political and legal controversy known to our nation. In part, Article I, section 8, gives Congress the power to regulate commerce between states, with other nations and with Indian Tribes. Two competing theories a bout federalism inform the political and legal debates that deal with the Commerce Clause provided to the Congress by the Constitution. Dual Federalism, a political theory that purports states rights, champions the view that federal and state powers, as prescribed by the Constitution, are mutually exclusive, conflicting, and antagonistic. (Ducat,p.271) This view suggests that the Constitution created dual sovereigns and that both levels of government had their own responsibilities. In order to understand what the legal ramification of dualist theory, one must first understand its interpretations of the Constitution. The dualist approach requires an exact and strict interpretation of the enumerated powers given to the national government by the Constitution and rejects the idea that the Necessary and Proper Clause should be used to enhance or augment the enumerated powers granted by the Constitution. Dual Federalism also relies on the notion that in a court of law, the Tenth Amendment gives the states enough support to declare unconstitutional any act of the national government that infringes on the reserved powers g iven to the states. Cooperative Federalism provides an entirely different view of the relationship between the federal and state governments. Federal supremacy is the hallmark of this ideology. Supporters of the cooperative federalist view prefer to employ a broad interpretation of the Constitution. The legal basis on which cooperative federalism has been argued is threefold: (1) Enumerated powers (e.g. Commerce Clause) should be interpreted in light of an expansive Necessary and Proper Clause (2) The Supremacy Clause, as prescribed in Article 6, paragraph 2, gives federal actions supremacy over state laws when made in pursuance of the Constitution and when they are made using implied and enumerated powers (3) The Tenth Amendment does not give states the power to contest federal laws. To suggest that that these two ideologies are contradictory is an understatement. To understand which theory best identifies with the correct interpretation of the Constitution, it is necessary to understand the circumstances that created the necessity for a Constitution and the political circumstances that motivated decisions contrary to the correct interpretation of the Constitution. The Constitution was drafted as a response to the perils of the weak central government created by the Articles of Confederation. The drafters instituted a system that was meant to empower the national government to make laws. Furthermore, the Constitution reinforced the supremacy of the national government by including the Necessary and Proper Clause. The Constitution merely provided states with reserved powers, a distinction that suggests a passive rather than active right. Supreme Court decisions that challenge the supremacy of the national government, when an action by the national government is made in pursuance of the Constitution, are merely attempts to curb the power of the national government and are based on weak legal arguments. Ultimately, the theory that best reflects the needs of our country at the time of the Constitutional Convention and still does now is that of cooperative federalism. Gibbons v Ogden, 22 U.S. 1, illustrates perfectly the ideological beliefs held by cooperative federalists. The case involves the issue of federal authority versus state authority. .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 , .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .postImageUrl , .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 , .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244:hover , .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244:visited , .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244:active { border:0!important; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244:active , .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244 .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ff3f2387dcf4a058d196602b6d0a244:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I Have a Dream Essay New York State legislature passed a statute giving exclusive rights to use steam vessels in its territory to two men who later received payment .